universe phenomenom

Maybe some travelers expect cool places to vacation. The reasons vary, some say want to ski, do not want to skin sunburn, or one wants to accidentally "freeze" themselves from all work activities. If you type travelers, the following towns fit for you ...

1. Yakutsk, Russia

Yakutsk, located in Northern Siberia. The city is the record holder of the world's coldest city. Normally the temperature in here about minus 45.9 ° C (-51 ° F) and at its peak can reach -71.2 ° C (-96.2 ° F). You can only reach this city on summer use of the Lena Highway ferry across the river Lena. In other seasons this river would freeze.

2. Oymyakon, Russia

Still in northern Siberia, in the city this Oymyakon temperatures average minus 41.2 ° C (-42.0 ° F) and can reach -65.4 ° C (-86 ° F). But in summer the temperature can soar to normal at about 22.2 ° C (72.0 ° F) so it's pretty friendly.

3. Verkhoyansk, Russia

The city is the third smallest town in Russia and is inhabited only by about 1400 head. Who would like living here? Normal temperature at minus 40 ° C (-40 ° F) and a peak of up to -69.8 ° C (-93.6 ° F). But here is still an interesting place if you want to visit the frozen snow.

4. Barrow, Alaska, USA

Alaska is known as the coldest state in the United States because of its location close to the northern Antarctic Circle. Among the cities in the state, Barrow is the coldest. The average temperature is minus 20.1 ° C (-29.0 ° F) but at other times can be cold tightened at -53.0 ° C (-47.0 ° F). In this city you can see the beautiful phenomenon of Aurora.

Tightened cold temperatures such as above can cause numbness in a few days can cause sudden death if you do not use clothing and other appropriate support. One more if want to open businesses here do occasionally selling ice mix. Not be sold.

Black Hole : Lubang Hitam

Senin, 25 Januari 2010

Created : satriaji

Have you ever heard this term (Black Hole) If not, the Black Hole was what? Is the black hole is a black hole in our universe or some kind of luminous stars that do not? If it is a kind of star, why the so-called black holes, not the Stars Black or White Hole? Confused yes ....

The term "black hole" or commonly called "black hole" by om and aunt Caucasians from the other side, first used in 1969 by the American physicist John Wheeler. Initially, we assume that we can see all the stars. However, it later emerges that there are stars in space whose light we can not see. How could you? Light can not be seen? hmm, the more confusing ... she said, light can not escape from a black hole because this hole is a high density mass in a small space. The enormous gravitation captures even the fastest particles, like photons [particles of light]. Because light can not escape from the star, the star called the Black Hole can not we see (remember the lesson optics yes, we can see other objects or things that are around us because these objects emit, reflect or refract light into our eyes . Well, black holes emit no light, the light trapped inside it, so can not be seen by our eyes).

Stars not a living being, but he's like a living creature is born, lived and then died. After passing through the heyday, the stars end their history after the flame goes out and experience the collapse as a black hole is only 20 kilometers in diameter. Named the "black" because black is identical with the dark, where we can not see anything because there is no light. However, the existence of black holes is known indirectly, through a giant suction power gravitating towards other heavenly bodies. Then why the so-called hole hole eh? wait .. studying physics or astronomy A further need patience ....

Well, a large-mass stars in the space usually causes the formation of indentations that can be found in space. Likewise the earth, our beloved planet. The point of all celestial body mass would yield curve in space (the grandparent Einstein's General Relativity theory, it is said that a massless object, "bend" space where it is located, this curvature is equivalent to gravity. Learn more will we peeled completely in the Theory of General Relativity . The greater the celestial body, the greater the curve. To facilitate your understanding, gurumuda try to invite you to imagine aka imaginary scientific moment. Imagine you and a close friend or your girlfriend is beautiful + stretch a fabric made of rubber. Now, put a objects, from the smallest sizes up to large sizes on a cloth or sheet of rubber. What do you observe? if you put a marble, then formed a small indentation, but if you put a large boulder the grooves on the cloth or sheet rubber is very large, even as if forming a hole.

Black holes not only cause indentations in space but also makes a hole in it. This is because the mass of the black hole is very large. This is the reason why these collapsed stars called black holes. Ohh ... just found out that black holes ya Star, who kirain black hole (hence learn pisss)

More About Black Holes

Black hole is a star that had a large enough concentration of mass so as to produce a very large gravitational force (Regarding the mass concentration of more discussed in biography of a star. See below.) The force of gravity is very large to prevent any escape from it except through quantum tunneling behavior. Gravitational field so strong that the escape velocity near the speed of light nearby. Nothing, including electromagnetic radiation can escape from gravity, even light can only enter but can not exit or pass through. Theoretically, black holes can have any size, from microscopic to the size of the observable universe.

According to Hawking, there are two types of Black Holes, Black Holes Black Holes Big and Small. Regarding Small Black Holes, Hawking proposed the following conjecture. At the time the universe was born, there was a big bang, which produce enormous pressures. This pressure can lead to pockets of crushed material so that it becomes very small with very large density. At large density, these objects become black holes. Typically, these primordial black holes the size of protons (positively electrically charged particles present in the nuclei of atoms) with a mass of one billion tons. The theory of black holes was first proposed in the 18th century by John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace, further developed by the German astronomer named Karl Schwarzschild, in 1916, based on a general theory of relativity of Albert Einstein, and further popularized by Stephen William Hawking. At this time many astronomers who believe that almost all galaxies of this universe dialam surrounds the black hole at the galactic center. John Archibald Wheeler in 1967 gave the name "black hole" that became popular in the world but also became a favorite topic of science fiction writers. We can not see black holes but we can detect the materials attracted / sucked at him. In this way, astronomers studied and identified many black holes in space through the observation that very carefully so that expected in space decorated by millions of black holes. A more horrible ... two hundred years ago, or rather in 1783. thinking that there is a cosmic monster is actually obliterate any other object ever made by a minister named John Mitchell. Mitchell who was then looking at the theory of gravitation Isaac Newton (1643-1727) argues, when the Earth has an escape velocity from Earth of 11 km per second (an object thrown straight up the new will be detached from the influence of gravity after passing this speed), of course there are other planets or stars that have a greater gravity. Mitchell actually anticipated in the cosmic there is a star with a mass 500 times the sun is able to prevent the escape of light from the surface itself. How Did CVs A Hole Star?

Black holes are created when an object can not withstand the strength of the force of gravity alone. Many objects (including the sun and the earth) will never become a black hole. The pressure of gravity on the sun and the earth is not sufficient to exceed the atomic and nuclear power within him that are against the pressure of gravity. But contrary to the object's mass is very large, the gravitational pressure of a superior.

According to the theory of stellar evolution (birth, development and death of stars), grandparent Kakung of the black hole is a blue star. Blue star is a nickname for the series of groups of stars whose mass is greater than 1.4 times the mass of the sun. Mentioned cosmic physicists, when burning hydrogen in a blue star began to end (approximately take 10 million years), he will contract and expand into a giant all-star blue. Furthermore, it will cool into a red giant all-star. In this phase, due to the gravitational pull of its own, all-red giant star having gravitational collapse produces an explosion or commonly known as Supernova.

Supernova is characterized by an increase in the brightness of light to billions of times the light of ordinary stars and then gave birth to two classes of stars, ie neutron stars and black holes. Neutron stars (also called star Pulsar or pulse) occurs when the mass of collapsing star is greater than 1.4 times but less than three times the mass of the sun. While the stellar mass black holes have collapsed more than three times the mass of the sun. The material forming a black hole then contracted that can not prevent anything from him. Star becomes very compressed until it becomes a point of infinite mass density.

The mass of the black hole continues to grow by capturing all of the material nearby. All the material can not escape from the shackles of a black hole if it came too close. So objects that can not keep a safe distance from the black hole gets sucked. In contrast with the reputation it bears today which states that black holes can suck up anything around them, the black hole can not suck up materials that were located very far from him. He could only draw the material that passes very close to him. Black holes can also increase its mass by colliding with another black hole so that it becomes a larger black hole

In the rules of physics, the amount of gravitational force inversely proportional to the square of the distance or formulated F μ 1/r2. From this formula we can understand why the black hole has a tremendous gravitational force. With the value of r smaller or close to zero, the force of gravity will be infinite magnitude.

Scientists calculate that if our earth will become a black hole, so that its gravity prevents light out, then the earth must be compressed into a ball of radius 1 cm. hahaha ... .... If Earth's radius 1 cm, then a human? deflated ...

How to Track Monster Black Holes?

The best chance to detect it, recognized experts, is when he is double star (two stars that evolve and around each other). Black hole will suck up all matter and gases results of a thermonuclear explosion on the surrounding stars. Of internal friction, the gases are sucked it would be very hot (up to 2 million degrees) and emit X-rays. From this X-ray experts begin steps to probe black hole.

On December 12, 1970, the U.S. launched a small astronomy satellite (Small Astronomical Satellite * SAS) of X-ray detection in cosmic named Uhuru off the coast of Kenya. From the observations it was found that an all-star blue giant, which HDE226868 located in the constellation Cygnus (8,000 light years from Earth) has pairs of Cygnus X-1 stars, which can not be detected directly.

Cygnus X-1 revealed its orbit in the form of gases results HDE226868 thermonuclear explosion that moves to form a disc. Cygnus X-1 count is smaller than Earth, but has a mass six times larger than the mass of the sun. This dim star was believed by scientists as a black hole. Apart from Cygnus X-1, Uhuru also get a cosmic X-ray source, namely the Cygnus X-3 in the constellation Centaurus and Lupus X-1 in the constellation Lupus. Two of the latter has not been confirmed as a black hole, including the 339 other X-ray sources detected during the operation period of 2.5 years Uhuru.

Exploration X-ray sources in cosmic still followed by the satellite HEAO (High Energy Astronomical Observatory) or the Einstein Observatory in 1978. The spacecraft is to find another double star in the constellation Circinus, the Circinus X-1 and V861 Scorpii and GX339-4 in the constellation Scorpius.

In 1999, at a cost of 2.8 billion dollars, the U.S. still launch the Chandra telescope, in order to uncover the mysteries of black holes. The Chandra X-ray Observatory NASA's 45 feet long has successfully made hundreds of high resolution pictures and capture the jumps of X-rays from the center of the Milky Way is 24,000 light years from Earth. Surprising, because if it is true (it's a leap of X-ray) showed the existence of a black hole in the heart of the Milky Way, then right back to Albert Einstein's theory. He stated that at the heart of every galaxy there is a black hole. Grandmother-grandparent, has passed away ... ... ntar also meet in hell really, uh ... heaven dong ...

After nearly 30 years believes that the black hole (black hole) engulf and destroy everything that is trapped, space physicist Stephen Hawking changed his mind. Hawking admitted that he had misplaced the key arguments about the behavior of black holes.

The laws of quantum physics states, that information may not disappear entirely. Hawking and his friends argued extreme gravitational fields of black holes can be exemption from those laws. Radius of a black hole (Rs) = 2MG/v2. Where M is the mass of the black hole, G is the gravity constant, and v is the velocity needed to escape from an object's gravitational pull. For the case of a black hole or c v is the speed of light.

In the international conference on General Relativity and Gravitation 17th, July 2004, Hawking announced what he believed was wrong. According to him, information that might be swallowed by a black hole can be traced back in the form of confusion. It enables the unification theory of gravity and quantum mechanics.

The information contained in the black hole it was possible to escape. His new findings could even help solve the information paradox in black hole which has been a major puzzle in modern physics. 'I've been thinking about this problem for the last 30 years, and I guess now I have the answer' says Hawking.

According to him, a black hole only appears to form themselves but later opens up and releases information about what had fallen into it. So we can be sure about the past and predict the future.

Paradox and Other Possible

If the information is completely lost in the black hole, then there are some principles of quantum mechanics are violated. The first is the principle mikroreversibilitas. As the opinion of the investigators at The Center for Nuclear Studies, GWU Washington DC, the paradigm of quantum mechanics, every physical process can be reversed it happened.

Then the final information can be used to browse the information early in the process. The black hole in the universe is the source irreversibilitas because one pair of particles created in pair production outside the event horizon does not contain bits of information about what's going on within the event horizon.

The next principle is violated unitarity. Propagation of information from the initial state to final state mathematically have a unitary evolution. That is, the flux is guaranteed intact. According Preskill, professor of quantum information at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), which occurs in a black hole is the initial state of pure information that evolved into a mixed state. This situation violates the principle of unitarity.

Worse yet, the principle of conservation of energy must also be violated. In the conservation of energy loss of information in the form of matter must be accompanied by the creation of enormous energy. If this paradox is true, the universe would have a temperature of about 1031 degrees in just a few seconds, which in reality does not occur.

Above all an elaborate polemic above, Hawking still deserves a thumbs up. Therefore, the theory of black holes have opened up new horizons in the world of physics and science in general. Post-black holes, whether scientists will find a white hole? Still the puzzle of course. Clearly humans continue tertuntut to seek and find.